India to Conduct First Comprehensive Caste Census in Nearly a Century

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India to Conduct First Comprehensive Caste Census in Nearly a Century

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India is preparing to undertake its first comprehensive caste census in almost a century, a move that could significantly reshape socio-economic and political landscapes. The last nationwide caste enumeration was conducted in 1931 during British colonial rule, which recorded 4,147 castes. After India gained independence in 1947, the government, led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, discontinued the practice of counting most castes in the decadal censuses, citing concerns that it could reinforce social divisions. An exception was made for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), whose populations have been enumerated in every census since 1951 to facilitate upliftment policies.

The decision to reintroduce a comprehensive caste census was announced in 2025 by the Indian government, with the Cabinet Committee of Political Affairs (CCPA) approving the inclusion of caste enumeration in the forthcoming census on April 30, 2025. While the exact timing of the next census remains undeclared, it is anticipated to take place in 2026-2027. This policy shift follows mounting pressure from various political parties, including the Congress, Rashtriya Janata Dal, and Janata Dal United, who have advocated for a caste-based census. Leader of the Opposition Rahul Gandhi has been a prominent voice in this demand, asserting in August 2024 that a caste census is crucial for addressing the systemic marginalization of 90% of India’s population.

Proponents argue that updated caste data is essential for evidence-based policymaking, enabling better targeting of welfare schemes, rationalizing reservation policies, and addressing historical inequities. They believe it would provide a clearer picture of socio-economic disparities and ensure that resources and opportunities reach the most deprived communities. Conversely, historical arguments against a caste census have included concerns that it could exacerbate social divisions. However, supporters counter that existing enumerations of religion, language, and region have not led to comparable conflicts, and that caste divisions predate census efforts. The upcoming census is expected to provide invaluable data to inform policies aimed at fostering a more inclusive and equitable society.

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